Citizen Spies of World War I

December 01, 2015  •  Leave a Comment

Carrie Phillips was pro-German and vocally against the US entering the war. She was also the lover of a US Senator and future president Warren Harding. She did try to persuade him to vote against going to war with Germany, but in spite of his passion, Harding refused. But was she a German spy? The American Protective League thought so. This citizen's group had the blessing of the US government to spy on their neighbors, were able to detain them, and even had badges.

Phillips' pro-German views meant she endured surveillance during both world wars, but she was never arrested.


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